英语翻译
中英语序差异：
英文：主语+重要信息+修饰解释（中心信息前置）
中文：主语+修饰解释+重要信息（自然因果顺序）
考研英一 划线句翻译
翻译要求：
context部分:
1.提供必要的信息
2.提供必要的逻辑
2024年考研英语（一）翻译划线句46
The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands,wetlands and agricultural land. They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are — even when they are out of sight
翻译1：它们有时跋涉超过60英里去寻找食物或水源；这些大象非常擅长找出balabala
翻译2：为了寻找食物或水源，这些大象有时会跋涉六十多英里；并且它们非常善于判断其他大象的位置——即便这些大象并不在视线范围内。
2024年考研英语（一）翻译划线句47
Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have remarkable spatial acuity.” When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole. The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they reed, and car therefore take shortcuts, as well as familiar routes.
翻译1：研究人员确信这些大象总是知道它们所需要的资源的准确方位；因此能够抄近道和熟悉的路线。
in relation to
about
compare with
翻译2（机翻）： 研究人员确信，大象总是准确地知道它们所需要的所有资源的位置，因此可以走捷径，也可以走熟悉的路线。
缺少in relation to 表示相对方位的感觉
翻译3：研究人员确信，大象总能精确地知道自身与所需的所有资源的相对位置，因此它们除了遵循熟悉的路线外，也可以选择走捷径。
翻译4：研究人员确信，大象总能精确地辨认方位，判断自身与所需的所有资源之间的相对位置，因此它们除了遵循熟悉的路线外，也可以选择走捷径。
2024年考研英语（一）翻译划线句48
Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food.One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
result in 结果导向
翻译1：其中一种可能性是，它们仅凭借眼睛去辨别，再对找到的植物一一进行尝试，但这可能会浪费大量的事件和能量，尤其是考虑到它们的视力实际上并不太好。
翻译2：其中一种可能性是，它们仅凭眼睛去辨别，再逐一尝试找到的植物，但这可能会浪费大量的时间和能量，尤其是考虑到它们的视力实际上并不太好。
2024年考研英语（一）翻译划线句50：
The researches first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a "food station" experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell.The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.
established
to discover or prove the facts of a situation
forage:搜寻东西;觅食
may well 很有可能 if you day that sth may well happen, you mean that it is likely to happen.
a patches of tree: a small stand of timber
翻译1：实验表明，大象很有可能是先通过嗅觉适合食用的树丛，然后再逐一比较各个树丛内数目的质量。
2023年考研英语（一）翻译划线句46
There has been some exploration around the use of artificial intelligence (AI)in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to “speak” to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content ir marketing messages put out through social media.
被动语态可通过汉语的各种方式规避掉
被用来 -> 用于
regarding : about 在什么方面
将原文静态的说法改的动态一点
他们的爱好 -> 业余爱好是什么
最喜欢的名人 -> 最喜欢什么名人
时尚 -> 对时尚的品味
翻译1：人工智能还可以用于识别消费者在生活方式上的偏好，例如，业余爱好是什么、最喜欢什么名人，以及对时尚的品味等，从而在通过社交媒体推送的营销信息种，提供个性化的内容。
2023年考研英语（一）翻译划线句47
Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.
句子组成： 我认为，但我也知道（不好+好、欲扬先抑）
人工智能，使用什么方式？干了什么事？影响是什么？
字典义 -> 恰当的词组搭配
降低创新能力 -> 制约创新能力
取消工作岗位 -> 减少工作岗位
机翻：有些人认为，人工智能通过降低创新能力和取消工作岗位正在的对营销人员的角色产生负面影响，但他们也意识到这是一种削减成本和创造新内容的方式。
翻译1：有些人认为，人工智能制约创新能力，减少工作岗位，正在对营销人员的定位产生负面冲击，但他们也清楚，这不失为一种节流和创造新内容的方式。
2023年考研英语（一）翻译划线句48
By allowing AI to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.
机翻：用于模拟人类互动的算法正在产生许多这样的担忧，特别是因为没有人能确定使用人工智能与客户互动的结果会是什么。
翻译1：用于模拟人类互动的算法正引发许多这方面的担忧，最大的原因在于，没有人能确定使用人工智能与客户互动的后果是什么。
2023年考研英语（一）翻译划线句49
For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult. If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.
机翻：如果客户不愿意分享数据，人工智能将缺乏必要的信息，将无法有效地发挥作用，也无法利用机器学习来改善其营销内容和沟通。
缺乏必要的信息导致无法有效地发挥作用...
缺乏必要的信息 --> 无法有效地发挥作用...
这明显是递进关系，而机翻没有将其翻译得当
翻译1：如果客户（消费者）不愿意分享数据，人工智能将缺乏必要的信息来源，如此一来，无论是高效运行，还是利用机器学习来改善营销内容和沟通方式，都难以实现。
2023年考研英语(一)翻译划线句50
Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms, including emails, social media posts, pop-up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.
intrude 侵入 --> intrusive 侵入的
non-intrusive 非侵入式的
If you're sensitive to other people's needs, problems, or feelings, you show understanding and awareness of them. 如果不考虑具体的语境这句话可直接翻译为善解人意，而在具体的语境中，则需要转化成一个更加具体的译法。
为什么辣么长一段话可以翻译成这么短呢？🧐
可以类比字典里对单词的描述，如在牛津词典中market是这样描述的an occasion when people buy and sell goods; the open area or building where they meet to do this.
总结：如果一句话可以归纳成很短的词语或成语，不要惊讶，那是因为中华文化博大精深，但同时还要注意结合语境来翻译。
doing sth in a way 以一种方式做什么事
例如：以一种细嚼慢咽的方式把食物吃掉
体会这句例句，这个方式和这件事是同步进行的。
于是可以翻译为“在...的同时，balabala”
翻译1：在精准洞察目标客户需求的同时，实现营销信息的非侵入式推送，是数字营销人员面临的关键挑战之一。
2022年考研英语(一)翻译划线句46：
Between 1807 and 1814 The Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon's French Army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor's difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
I first discovered the Napolenoic code-breaking battle a few yeas ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman's epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, "The Scovell Ciphers."
many different planes 多层面，多方面
who made codes ... 翻译成：什么什么者 ==> 密码制定者
who broke them ... ==> 密码破解者 以上译法可能会出现过度归纳，影响连贯感
结合历史情境，翻译成更具体的说法
who broke them ... ==> 密码破译员
翻译1：它同时也是一场密码制定者与密码破译员之间的战役，而即使是许多熟读这段历史的人，对此都一无所知。
2022年考研英语(一)翻译划线句47
I first discovered the Napolenoic code-breaking battle a few yeas ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman's epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, “The Scovell Ciphers.” It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters.
英文思维：先罗列主体，然后用从句对成分进行修饰
中文思维：什么什么的东西，先修饰再讲主体
翻译1：附录列出了从西班牙法军手中缴获的许多加密文件，一位名为乔治·斯科维尔的英国军官破译了它们。
翻译2：附录列出了许多加密文件，这些文件缴获自西班牙法军，一位名为乔治·斯科维尔的英国军官完成了它们的破译工作。
结合文章背景：
英国 --> 大英帝国
翻译2：附录列出了许多加密文件，这些文件缴获自西班牙法军，一位名为乔治·斯科维尔的大英帝国军官完成了它们的破译工作。
2022年考研英语（一）翻译划线句48
I first discovered the Napolenoic code-breaking battle a few yeas ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman's epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, GThe Scovell Ciphers.It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French Army of Spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one Georqe Scovell, an officer ir British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell's significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his book meant that he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.
长难句 删繁就简
第一部分
he could not analyze what this man may have contributed to that war
A: 他没能仔细分析 B: 这个人可能曾对这场多个国家参与的战争做出贡献，也可能没有做出过贡献。
将B部分分别来出来，用事实说话，体现翻译的连贯。
在...;这个人做了什么
在这场多个国家参与的战争中，这个人可能曾做出过贡献，也可能不曾。
第二部分
indeed tell us anything much about the man himself
机翻：他无法仔细分析这位名不见经传的军官可能对国家之间的伟大斗争做出了什么贡献，也无法告诉我们关于这个人自己的任何事情。
翻译1：在这场多个国家参与的大型战争中，这位名不见经传的军官可能曾做出过贡献，也可能不曾，欧曼没能做出仔细的分析；事实上他对斯科维尔此人也确实没有着墨太多。
2022年考研英语（一）划线句49
Studying Scovell's papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized, was priceless. There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.
框架：情报人员多如牛毛，但是the material they actually provided or worked on少之又少。
dispatches 文中译为情报人员之间的电报
机翻：拿破仑战争期间可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或工作的材料。
翻译1：拿破仑战争期间可能存在很多间谍和情报官员，但想要找出真正出自他们之手或由他们经手的材料，却往往极其困难。
2022年考研英语（一）划线句50：
As I researched Scovell's story, I found far more of interest besides his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington's headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were bound up with the class politics of the Army at the time. His story of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. Just as the code-breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.
in its own right
就其本身而言
just as ... so ...
关联词：正如...，...也一样
句子框架：
code-breaking 具有更广泛的意义
his attempts 也具有更广泛的意义
speak volumes about: to provide a lot of information about sth/to show sth very clearly
清楚地说明 ...
机翻：正如破译密码在西班牙的斗争中具有更广泛的意义一样，他试图在晋升阶梯上向上攀升，这充分说明了英国社会。
这个机翻读起来就很shi。
翻译1：正如密码破译在西班牙战场上具有其更广泛的意义，他在一路升迁的过程中所作出的努力也一样能清楚地反映出大英帝国当时的社会状况。
翻译2：正如密码破译在夺回西班牙的斗争中具有其更广泛的意义，他在一路升迁的过程中所作出的努力同样别具意义，清楚地反映出了大英帝国当时的社会状况。
翻译三板斧
第一式：找关联词，抓主干
第二式：结合文章背景，精确翻译
第三式：检查句子，冗长冗余处进行断句修改，使得句子通顺，并且要符合中文读者的阅读期待。
英语笔记
2000 英一
text 1
A of B ==> 核心词是A
例外:如果A是数词，核心词还是B
Dreadful adj.糟的
Handicap n.残疾 ==> n.不利条件 ==> v.损坏
状语从句 <==> 副词adv. ==> 修饰主句的 v. & adj.
eg: I play soccer well.
我踢足球“踢地很好” 。
eg: I can eat this apple fast.
我可以很快地吃掉这个苹果。
关系连词 + 分句，主谓宾（主句）
When I am happy, I can play soccer.
关系连词：Because/though/although/if/when/why/where
当分句主语与主句主语一样的时候，可以省略分句主语
如果分句主语有be, be动词也可以省略
eg: When happy, I can play soccer.
eg: When written, this book is new.
当分句主语不省时，主句主语可以用代词替代。
非谓语
1.没有加逗号的非谓语
eg: I like to use computer having some software.
2.有加逗号的非谓语
eg: I like to doing exercises, making me happy.
两种可能：1.修饰前面的名词 2.修饰整句话
I like to read books, writing some notes.
Parallel n. 平行线 ==> adj. 平行的
unparalleled adj. 无比的
定语从句 ==> 名词
限定性定语从句，没有逗号
eg: I have an apple that is red.
eg: I have computer whose software is good.
eg: I like this book that you read.
当先行词在定语从句中做宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。
eg: I like this book you read.
非限制性定语从句，有逗号，只能用which
1.修饰前面的名词
eg: I like to read books, which is useful for me.
2.修饰前面整句话
eg: I like to read books, which are expensive.
带介词的定语从句
eg: I like this table on which there is a book.
eg: I like this book through which I can learn many things.
eg: I like this school where/in which I can learn many things.
eg: I like this week when I did many things.
形式主语 (It 不翻译)
It is adj (for sb.) to do sth.
eg: It is important to learn math.
eg: It is useful that I learn math.
As
1.关系连词，引导状语从句，意思为：因为，当，正如
2.介词，意思为：作为
Just as ==> 正如
on the ropes n.濒于失败；完全无力回天；处于困境
For a while 暂时
as though 好像
casualty 受害者
take sth. for granted 把sth.当成理所应当的
宾语从句
eg: I believe that you like this apple.
inquire v.咨询；打听；查询
insure v.上保险
insurance n.保险
ensure v.确保
sensational adj.好的；轰动的
attribute v.归因
I have some fruits such as apples and watermelons.
I have some such fruits as apples and watermelons.
yield vt.产出 ==> n.产品；产量
yield to 屈服于
impetus n. 推动力
2000 英一
text 2
动名词做主语
Ving 宾语 + 谓语（单数） + 宾语
eg: Playing games is interesting.
eg: Reading many books, I can learn a lot of things.
About 在数字前面，等于“大约”
mature adj.成熟的 ==> maturity n.成熟
as ... as
第一个as没有意思，中间部分和前面的句子连在一起。第二个as理解成“正如”
eg: You play soccer as beautifully as he does.
eg: Your books are as useful as my books.
mortality n.死亡率
mortal adj.致死的
immortal adj.不朽的
as well as
1.等于“and”
I have a book, as well as a phone.
2.等于“as...as”结构
I can play soccer as well as he does.
excess n.过度；过多
excessive adj.过多的
for the first time 有史以来；第一次
Since
1.因为
2.自从 + 时间
fertile adj.（土地）肥沃；能生育的
mediocrity n.平庸
mediocre adj.平庸的
Utopia n.乌托邦；理想乡
Those/these后面没有任何其他词，一般默认为人
However + adj. 无论
descendant n.后代
used to do 曾经做
be/get used to doing 习惯做
be used to do 被用来做
否定副词：hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely 约等于“not”
2000 英一
text 3
attain v.获得（reach）
What 引导的从句，意思看成“名词”
eg: I like what you read.
我喜欢你读的东西。
eg: What I like to read is important.
我喜欢读的东西是重要的。
That引导完整句子
That I can read books is true.
in years to come 未来的几年里
with regard to = with respect to = about 关于
rather than 相较于
rather + adj. 当作副词相当于“非常”
farfetched adj.遥不可及的；牵强的
完成进行时
have been doing 翻译成“一直”
corresponding adj.相应的
hamper v.限制；妨碍
看到but/and/or 找并列的是什么
instead of + Ving sth./n. ===> instead of 后面接不要做的
merits n.优点
novel adj.新的 ==> n.小说
human nature n.人性
transient adj.短暂的
2000 英一
text 4
prewar n.战前
postwar n.战后
produce v.生产（抽象：生产视频；具体：生产东西）
product n.产品
production n.生产过程
productive adj.有生产力的
productivity n.生产效率
要诀：从前往后翻译，把握主干，重视标点和冠词的意思
翻译时：把balabala的东西代入到It
It was found/thought/viewd/.../ that balabala
counterpart n.有共同情况的人或物（职位：同行；学生：同学）
while 关系连词
结构：while分句，主句 或 主句，while分句
1.当...时候（进行时）
2.尽管（although）
小技巧：while后面没看到doing大概率是尽管
stress A over B
embrace A over B
perfer A over B
over 翻译成“相比于”
frustation n.沮丧；愤怒
outcry n.呐喊；怒吼
amid prep.在...中 约等于“in/among”
raised eyebrow 生气
reform n.改革
have sth. to do with 有关
A have nothing to do with B A与B无关
with A(n.) B(doing/done) 伴随A做/被做
in favor of 倾向于
commute v.通勤
2000 英一
text 5
destiny n.命运
vitality n.活力
deem = regard v.看待；认可
deem A as B 把A看成B
the + adj. 约等于“名词”
on one's behalf 翻译成“代表one”
not least = especially
eg: I like this book not least because of its pages.
我喜欢这本书尤其是因为它的页面。
介词短语
介词 + 宾语
有宾语的地方就可能有宾语从句
eg: I can help you with where you do not know.
我可以在你不知道的地方帮你。
如果一句话的主语是代词，首先应该想到代替的是上一句话的主语
hypocrisy n.虚伪
hypocritical adj.虚伪的
同位语
I like Taobao, a brand that is from China.
Taobao = brand
我喜欢淘宝（一个来自中国的品牌）
confess v.承认；坦白
lest conj.免得；以免
ample adj.充足的
materialism n.物质主义者
democracy n.民主
stirring n.开始；出现；酝酿
prompting n.鼓励；提醒
2001 英一
text 1
specialisation n.专业化
accumulate v.积累
accumulation n.积累
By doing sth.,主谓宾
通过做...,主语是怎样
split up A into B
devide A into B
把A分成B
范围里只有两个东西：one;the other
范围里只有两堆东西：some;the other some
范围里有超过2个东西：one;another
profession n.职业
academic major n.专业
amateur n.业余人员
clear-cut adj.清楚的（obvious）
connotation n.含义；隐含意义
同位语从句 vs 定语从句
eg: I have a theory that you can get a good score to learn English well.
我有一个理论（学好英语可以得到好的分数）
eg: I have a theory that is good.
我有一个理论，这个理论是好的。
同位语从句内容等同于先行词，而定语从句只能修饰先行词。
community n.群体
in one's own right 依靠one
referee n.裁判 ==> v.审阅；鉴定（专业性强的文章）
rather adj.相当的；约等于（very）
Whereas conj.尽管；约等于（although/though）
little 是没有，a little 是有一点
hardship n.艰辛
2001 英一
text 2
A great deal of + 不可数名词 约等于“很多...”
pay attention to 注意
so-called adj.所谓的
同位语
eg: I like this company called Xiaomi, a brand that is famous in China.
我喜欢这家公司叫做小米，一个来自中国的著名品牌。
adopt v.领养；v.采用
adapt vi.适应
adept adj.擅长
句首第一个单词
That + n. 做代词 翻译成“那个东西(n.)”
That + the/a 说明前面的that不是代词，因为重复往往说明是主语从句。
eg: That a book is read by you is true.
一个书被你读是真的
loom vi.赫然出现；隐约呈现
sth. loom 东西突然出现
sth. loom large 令人忧虑；令人惊恐
universal adj.普遍的
less visible adj.不明显
optimistic adj.乐观的
access n.渠道；v.进入
eg:
internet access 互联网渠道
education access 教育渠道
be left behind 被落下；落后
eg: This is the most important book that we have ever had.
这是有史以来所拥有的最重要的书。
ever 翻译成“有史以来”
impoverished adj.非常贫穷的（very poor）
impoverish vt.枯竭化；让...贫瘠
A让B贫瘠，如果B的定语很长，比较难翻译，所以翻译成A枯竭化B更好
with respect to = in terms of = with regard to = about
sovereignty n.主权
infrastructure n.基础设施
might well 建议；尽可能；最好
capital n.资本；首都；大写
narbor n.港湾
better off 生活富足
attach importance to 重视
justify v.正名（说明...是对的）
prove v.证明
2001 英一
text 3
credit n.信用；学分
credibility n.信任度
take / give the credit 功劳
turn out to 结果是
scratch v.挠
headscratching adj.疑惑的
puzzle = confuse = perplex = bewilder = confound v.困惑
in the world = on earth 究竟；到底
eg: I like every car in the world.
我喜欢世界上所有的车
eg: How in the world can you do this?
你究竟要怎样做这个事？
way adv.程度很大；非常
eg: you are way better than him.
你比他好很多。
template n.模板
conventional adj.传统的
backbone n.中流砥柱
alien adj.陌生的；外星人的；异域的
metropolitan adj.大都市的；大城市的
maid n.佣人
combined with A, B ... 与A结合，B怎么怎么样
compared with A, B ... 与A比较，B怎么怎么样
put down roots 落地生根；深入了解
clash n.碰撞
主句not..., but ... 翻译成“不是...，而是...”
keep doing 持续；保持
keep + n. 保持；保留
keep sb./sth. (from) doing sth. 阻止
prevent = stop = bar = block = restrain = impete sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止（不能省from）
symposium n.专题研讨会；讨论会
dedicated to doing = dedicate oneself to doing 致力于
get around 绕过；解决；说服
get around a problem 解决问题
illuminating adj.展示的
superficial adj.非常表面的 ==> 肤浅的
lie in 在于
failure to realize its real problem 失败去意识到它的真正的问题
2001 英一
text 4
merger and acquisition 兼并收购 M&A
hyperactive adj.非常活跃的
hyper- 精力旺盛的
hype v.炒作
the emerging countries 发展中国家
surpass v.超过；胜过
unsurpassed adj.无比的；卓绝的
might n.强大力量；威力
mighty adj.强大的
trust n.垄断
anti-trust n.反垄断
trust fund n.信托基金
multinational adj.跨国的
firm n.公司
affiliated adj.附属的
affiliate n.附属机构；分公司
A is affiliated to B A是B的分公司（附属机构）
segment n.部分
account for
1.（后面有百分比）占据
2.解释...的原因
concern over 对...担忧
underlie vt.奠定了；构成...的基础
be capable of n./doing 能够做
meet v.满足
detrimental adj.有害的
detrimental to 对...有害
Yet
1.句首 ==> but
2.肯定句：I have yet finished my homework.
我还没完成作业。yet == not
scanty adj.不足的；欠缺的
It appears/seems that 似乎是
mega- 超级大
megacity 超级城市
infringe vt.违背；触犯（法规）
infringe on 侵犯
take upon oneself 承担
词组
attach importance to
译：重视
【例句】 2009 年阅读Text 4 According to the standard history ofAmerican philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance （which is）attached to intellectual pursuits."
根据美国哲学的标准历史，没有其他地方比美国更重视人才追求了
attribute to
译：把……归因于
2009年段信息匹配
Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.
一些人几乎把所有的重要文化成就归因于一些人发明上，尤其是天才（的发明），根据传播论者，然后这些文化会传播到其他文化上。
Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.
很少有美国人单独的把这件事情归因于显而易见的原因，比如美元贬值或者经济周期的转变。
be addicted to
译：沉迷于；对……上瘾
2006 年完型
Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.
部分问题是很多流浪汉对酒精和毒品上瘾
be aware of
译：了解；觉察到；意识到
2009年完型
Above all, they would hope to study a fundamental question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?
总之，他们希望研究一个基本的问题：人们真的了解他们居住的世界吗？
I was not aware of the danger
我没有意识到危险
be bound up with
译：与...密切相关
2000 年翻译
Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
更多的是，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力直接与他的农业和工业效率密切相关，相应地，这种现象依托于各行各业的科学家和技术人员的努力。
be considered as
译：被认为是；被看作
2009 年翻译
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
正常语序：
The by-product of the institution was only gradually noted, and this effect was only more gradually still considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
机构的副产品逐渐地被注意到，这种影响更是逐渐地被认为是一个在机构的运作中的一个决定性因素
be crucial to
译：对……至关重要
2013 年阅读Text 3
Secrecy is crucial to this police operation
保密对警方行动至关重要
be deprived of
译：被剥夺；丧失；不能享有
2014 年阅读 Text 4
The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.
委员会忽视这些年美国大学一些不知道通识教育的内容和特征的毕业生，因此他们被剥夺了通识教育的利益
be dominant over
译： 支配；主导；控制
2013 年阅读 Text 4
What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
A：移民问题通常被国会决定
B：法院意图检查行政权力
C：法院想要增强他与国会的协调
D：行政部门对移民问题有话语权
be equipped for
译：准备好；为……做好准备
To be equipped for conflict, according to Phillips, requires "self-anaesthesia", which he sees as a dominant motif in postwar British life.
根据飞利浦斯，为战争做好准备，需要自我麻痹，他将这种现象称为英国战后的主流基调。
aesthesia 知觉；感觉 ana- = anti- 向下；反
anaesthesia 麻痹
self-anaesthesia 自我麻痹
aesthetic 审美的
aesthetic fatigue 审美疲劳
motif 基调
postwar 战后
be essential to
译：对……必不可少的；非常重要的
2010 年翻译
It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
它倾向于忽视，甚至最终淘汰，在陆地社区中的很多元素，这些元素缺少商业价值，但是这些元素（的价值）对社区的健康功能必不可少
be exposed to
译：暴露于(险境)；遭受(危险或不快)； 受……的影响(或熏陶)；接触
2011年阅读 Text 4
It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks.
[A] are constantly exposed to criticism
[B] are largely ignored by the media
[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities
[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life
A：持续遭受批评
B：总是被媒体忽视
C：没有能够实现社会责任
D：不太可能对他们的生活满意
be immune to
译：(对疾病)免疫，有免疫力；不受影响
2010 年阅读 Text 2
We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents .
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
A：不受法律挑战影响
B：总是被不必要地发表
C：对专利持有者的不尊重
D：增大危险的几率
issue n.问题/v.发表
incident n.小事（茶余饭后的谈资）
affair n.市政；外遇（用于家庭）
events n.社会大事件
be inclined to
译：倾向于；想要
2005 年阅读 Text 1
Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
A：更倾向于掂量他们得到了什么
B：关注研究人员的指令
C：有很好的外貌和脾气
D：比男猴子大方
be indispensable to/for
译：必不可少的；必需的
2004年阅读Text 1
Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
个人搜索代理（网站）对找工作的人是必要的
be obliged to
译：不得不；必须；感激；感谢
2004 年翻译
We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
我们感激他们，因为这些语言已经消失了，因为说这些的语言的人已经去世或者被同化从而失去了他们本土的语言
assimilated 使变得一样；同化
词根：similar 类似
sim/sem/same 同样的，一样的
be obsessed with
译：痴迷于……
2011 年阅读 Text 3
Consumers may create “earned” media when they are
[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them
[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favourite products
A：痴迷于在特定网站购物
B：收到产品提升邮件被激励
C：渴望保住他们的朋友改善产品质量
D：热情于推荐他们喜爱的产品
be resistant to
译：反对；抵制；抗拒；有抵抗力；不受……损害
2006 年阅读 Text 1 The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S..
[A] are resistant to homogenization
[B] exert a great influence on American culture
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture
[D] constitute the majority of the population
A：抵制被同化
B：对美国文化产生很大的影响
C：对大众文化没有威胁
D：构成主要人口
homogeneous adj.同性质的
homogenize v.使性质一样
homogenization n.同性质化
homosexual marriage / gay marriage / same-sex marriage 同性婚姻
exert v.施加；实施
be subject to
译：受……影响；易遭受；受……支配；服从
2012 年阅读 Text 2
In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval.
2006年，这个洲更进一步，任何延期工厂证书的需求应该服从于vermont州立法机关的批准
be urged to
译：被催促做；被要求
2001年阅读Text5
Forthe women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80's, downshifting in the mid-90's is not so much a search for the mythical good life as a personal recognition of your limitations.
词根
法律有关
jur/just
译：法律；公正
jurisdiction n.司法权；管辖权；管辖范围
juris (法律；公正) + dict (说) + ion (名词后缀)
jury n.陪审团
juror n.陪审员
justice cn.法官（上级法院的法官）；un.公平；正义；
justify v.证明...合理；证明...正当
just （公正） + -ify （使...化）
justified adj.有正当理由的
unjustified adj.不公正的
justification n.正当理由
jud/judic
译：判断
judge v.判断；n.法官（下级法院的法官）
judgement n.判断
prejudice n.偏见；成见;v.使...有偏见
pre-（前） + jud（判断） + -ice （名词后缀）
这件事确定前的判断，偏见
judicial adj.法庭的；法官的；司法的；审判的
judiciary n.司法系统；司法部
judic + i + -ary(名词后缀，表示人、物、场所)
judicious adj.明智的；有见地的
injudicious adj.不明智的
leg/legis
译：法律；公正
legal adj.法律的；合法的
illegal adj.非法的
legitimate adj.合法的；合理性
illegitimate adj.非法的
legitimacy n.合法性；合理性
legislate v.立法
legislation n.法律；立法
legislator n.立法者
legislature n.立法机关
legislative n.立法的
privilege n.特权
legacy n.遗产
allege v.（未提出证据）断言；声称
allegation n.（无证据的）说法；质控
看相关
spect/pect/spic
inspect v.检查
inspection n.检查
inspector n.检察员
expect v.预期；期待
expected adj.预料的；预期的
unexpected adj.出乎意料的
expectation n.(个人；主观)期待
expectancy n.(客观)期待
life expectancy
suspect v.怀疑；n.嫌疑犯
sus-（向下；在...下）
suspicion n.怀疑
suspicious adj.怀疑的
despise v.鄙视
de(向下) + spic(看)
prospect n.展望；前景；前途
retrospect n.回顾
retro（向后）
in retrospect 回首往事
respect n.&v.尊重
disrespect n.不敬；无礼
respectable adj.值得尊敬的
-able(可...的；能...的) 这个人是值得尊敬的
respectful adj.恭敬的
-ful(充满...的) 我对这个人恭敬
respective adj.各自的
conspicuous adj.显眼的
perspective n.看法；观点
per-（贯穿；自始至终）
from my perspective = in my opinion
spectate v.观看
spectator n.观众
spectacle n. 景象
-acle(名词后缀)
spectacular adj.壮观的
speculate v.推断
介词
从句
句型1：
_____,S+V+O
1）状语从句 When I was young, I could play football.
2）介词结构 On Sunday morning, we go to school.
3）分词结构 Finishing my homework, I start to watch TV.
4）独立主格 He finishing his homework, I start to watch TV.
5）副词 Surprisingly, he is still alive.
句型2：
S, _____V + O
1）状语从句 I, When I was young could play football.
2）介词结构 we On Sunday morning, go to school.
3）分词结构 I ,Finishing my homework,start to watch TV.
4）独立主格 I ,He finishing his homework,start to watch TV.
5）副词 he ,Surprisingly,is still alive.
6）定语从句 Shanghai, which is a moving city is my hometown.
7）名词结构 Shanghai, a moving is my hometown.
句型3：
S+V+O,_____ = S, ___V + O
翻译积累
9.30
either...or... 要么...要么...
neither...nor... 既不...也不
discernible adj.可辨别的；可识别的
discern v.辨别；识别
demoralization n.意志消沉；士气低落
demoralize v.使意志消沉；使士气低落
blame A on B 把A归咎于B
blame B for A 把A归咎于B（因为A责怪B）
condition n.条件；状况
1）状态；状况 in bad/good condition
2）（居住，工作）环境，条件 under...conditions 在...条件/环境下
3）（先决）条件 a necessary condition for ...的必要条件
4）疾病 a heart condition 心脏病
as if by magic 神奇地；奇迹般地
implicit adj.含蓄的；暗示的
explicit adj.明确的；直言不讳的
synthetic adj.人造的
强调句型：
辨别方法：it is + 强调部分+ that，去掉强调结构，句子仍然完整
翻译方法：强调部分加上“正如，正式，就是，恰恰是等”
of 结构：the use of worrd garden --> use 转译成动词
in a ... sense 从...角度上；在...意义上
技巧
1.介词/状语
翻译时提到谓语或句子之前
2.除了定语从句，其他都引导成分完整的句子
长定从：拆成两个句子，并且 + 先行词 + 定从
3.n+Ved
如果是主动则是谓语，如果是被动则是非谓语
阅读理解技巧
精准定位+选项比错
1.精准定位
(1)回答题干问题所问
句意是否回答题干所问是精准定位的唯一判断的依据
(2)深度理解题干问题
题干————题干究竟想要问什么（注意限定词）
选项
2.选项比错
选项比错的前提————真实地接受精准定位到的信息
（1）文本信息的“偏见”是做题的唯一依据
（2）文本已知信息有哪些
显性信息（同一律）
隐性信息（隐含假设）
常考隐含假设：
a.做了什么。==> 隐含假设：论述的主体有能力/条件可以做
b.建议/应该去做一件事情。 ==> 隐含假设：这件事还没被做过。作者认为这件事合理。
c.为什么+观点？ ==> 隐含假设：观点成立。
d.一个措施有利，应该去做。 ==> 隐含假设：同时不会有更大的弊。
e.一个措施不利，不应该去做。 ==> 隐含假设：同时不会有更大的利。
f.禁止去做一件事情。 ==> 隐含假设：这件事已经被做过。
选项比错的依据
（1）答案已知且唯一
（2）选项具有有限性（4个）
选项比错的底层逻辑
从逆向角度切入，在有限的选项范围内，依据精准定位得到的信息，评估比较出一个出错概率最小的选项，该选项等同于最佳答案。
比选项：比的本质————相对性————借助其他选项
比错：比较四个选项的错误概率大小
出错概率最小
放弃“追求完全正确的选项”的执念
转变为“接受最佳（出错概率最小的）选项”的新认识
3.精确定位+选项比错
实际应用中的分类：
1定位明显的题型：
（1）特征：题干结合选项的共性后，能够提供回答问题的方向，可以帮助我们深度理解题干问题所问。然后去原文定位时，可以直接在原文中找到结构对应的可以回答的句子，或者说能够找到与题干问题所问形式一致的出题句。
（2）解题思路：找到精准定位句+选项比错，比出一个出错概率最小的即可解决。
2定位不明显的题型：
（1）特征：在结构上，无法在原文中直接找到与题干所问表面上直接对应的句子。
（2）解题思路：拿句意见的逻辑做判断，通过句意找到可以问答问题所问的部分。
3定位不到出题句的题型
（1）特征：根据题干所问，不容易定位到或者直接定位不到某一或某几句出题句。
（2）原因：a.问题太宽泛导致出题句太多
b.找不到出题句
（3）解题思路：
a.反向定位（判断选项信息正误）
b.取反/取非（二分法思维）
c.原命题转逆否命题（原命题和逆否命题同真同假）
d.主旨
选择题的固有缺陷
1.题干的固有缺陷
（1）题干+主旨题的四个选项的共性
求同找出重复的词————主旨词————快速预判部分主旨相关内容
注意：a.是之一，不是唯一！
b.是部分，不一定是全部！主旨=主旨词+方向
c.不是每篇文章都有！
（2）题干给出的信息（显性信息和隐性信息）
（3）题干之间的逻辑部分程度上反映了文章结构的逻辑
2.选项的固有缺陷
（2）选项之间的重复性
（3）选项中不易出错的点
1.词
a.选项共性词
b.主旨词
c.虚空的词
例如：“关系、影响、作用、事件”
2.句意
a.大道理的话
b.约等于全集的话
c.概括性的话
（4）前后题的固有缺陷
一篇文章的五道题目 不是孤立的，其出题依据都来自于同一篇文章，这些题目有着共同的主旨、围绕着共同的主旨展开。前后题之间在主旨上会保持一致，都忠于主旨。因此，从前后题获取到的信息也可以帮助我们解题，这就是“前后题的固有缺陷”。
主旨思维
1.获取主旨的高分思维方式
在获取文章主旨时，普适、高效、灵活的做法是从多维度进行思考，从多个渠道来挖掘文章的主旨信息，且始终以动态、系统、综合的视角进行分析。
（1）读九项
（2）题干之间的逻辑
（3）选项共性
（4）前后题共性
（5）研究或实验的结论
（6）作者态度
（7）例子题的观点句
（8）利用已做题目的定位句
（9）最后一段段落主旨
2.主旨题的应用
（1）做主旨题
（2）主旨在细节题中的妙用
文章的五个题目都出自同一篇文章，所考察的偏细节的内容在本质上也是在为文章主旨所服务的，所以当一些细节题从微观层面入手，即精准定位的方式去做的时候困难较大时，可以考虑从宏观去分析，即带着主旨去做，一些问题便可以迎刃而解。
题型分类
细节题
1.特殊细节题
特征：问法较为固定，题干有典型的共性，题干中经常共有一类特殊标志词。
常见种类：例子题、推断题、态度题、词汇题、句子题
例子题：
（1）题干特征：
a.“引用例子”这个动作由作者发出；
b.题干究其根本问的是引用这个例子的目的是什么。
（2）解题思路：找到例子所佐证的“观点句”+选项比错
（3）分类：开篇例、段中例、整段例、特例
开篇例：
判定：文章一开篇就是例子
“只重视起点，不重视终点”
观点句：
A.例子结束后的那句话。（一句话；半段；整个一段）
B.如果例子结束后找不到观点句，则考察全文主旨
段中例：
判定：段中例是指除各段的第一句之外，在其他任何地方出现的例子都为段中例。
观点句：
A.例子的前半句、前一句
B.所处段落的段落主旨句（一般为段落首句）
2.普通细节题
特征：问法不固定，题干不具有典型的共性，题干中没有共有的特殊标志词。